Fortifying Smart City Applications: Cryptographic Security in E-Health, E-Commerce, E-Banking, and E-Governance

Abstract

Multiferroic materials that integrate electric and magnetic functionalities are crucial for next-generation spintronic, memory, and energy-storage devices. In this study, Bi0.9La0.075Ce0.025Fe1-xCrxO3 (x = 0.00–0.10) ceramics were synthesized via a cost-effective solid-state route to investigate the influence of Cr3+ substitution on their structural, dielectric, and magnetic behavior. X-ray diffraction confirmed a single-phase rhombohedral perovskite structure (R3c), while FTIR analysis verified enhanced Fe-O bond strength and reduced oxygen vacancies. Microstructural observations and magnetic measurements revealed that Cr3+ doping induces weak ferromagnetism with increased magnetic anisotropy. Frequency-dependent dielectric and impedance analyses (100 Hz–100 MHz) indicated that Cr substitution lowers dielectric loss and improves interfacial polarization, with the x = 0.05 composition showing balanced grain and grain-boundary responses. The optimized Bi0.9La0.075Ce0.025Fe0.95Cr0.05O3 exhibited high grain capacitance , moderate relaxation time (2 ns), and stable magnetic properties, making it a promising multifunctional material for high-frequency capacitors, dielectric resonators, and spintronic applications